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Inace makedonija je prepuna aktivnih pecuraka,cini mi se 15vrsta da je zabelezeno.
HALLUCINOGENIC FUNGI IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
Mitko KARADELEV & Sofce SPASIKOVA
Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, P.O. Box 162, Gazi Baba bb, 1000 Skopje
ABSTRACT
Karadelev M. & Spasikova S.. (2004). Hallucinogenic fungi in the Republic of Macedonia. Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of Ecologists of the Republic of Macedonia with International Participation, 25-29. 10.2003, Ohrid.Special issues of Macedonian Ecological Society, Vol. 6, Skopje.
According to the recent research into fungi biodiversity of R. Macedonia, 1,250 species have been registered. From these fungi, 16 species show proved hallucinogenic effects. These species belong to the following genera: Psilocybe, Amanita, Panaeolus, Elaphomyces, Claviceps, Gymnopilus, Pluteus, Stropharia and Mycena. In most of them, these effects are due to the presence of hallucinogenic compounds such as psilocin, psilocybin, baeocystin and nor-baeocystin.
Key words:
hallucinogenic fungi, hallucinogenic effects, hallucinogenic compounds.
H3BOA
KapaneneB M. u CnacnkoBa C. (2004). XanynnHoreHn ra6n Bo Penyo.nHka MaxenoHnja.36opHuk Ha wpydosu od 2-owi Konzpec Ha ekonosuiue Ha Maxedonuja co MeéyHapoòHo yuecuso, 25-29.10.2003,Oxpuò. IoceoHH H3naHnja Ha MakenoHCKOTo eKOJIOIIKO APYIIITBO, KH. 6, Cxonje.
Bp3 OCHOBa Ha HCTpaxyBataTa Ha MHKOAHBep3HTeTOT BO PenyoJHKa Makenonnja nocera ce perHCTpHpaHH 1250 BHIOBH Ha ra6u. OI HHB, 16 BHIOBH HOKaxyBaaT xaJyIIHHOreHO AejcTBO. Tue npunaraar Ha ponOBHTe: Psilocybe, Amanita, Panaeolus, Elaphomyces, Claviceps, Gymnopilus, Pluteus, Stropharia H Mycena. Kaj noBekeTo OI HHB OBHe edekTu ce pesyaiTaT Ha IpHCyCTBOTO Ha xaJTyIHHOreHH coenuHeHnja, kako IICHJOIHH, IICHJIOIHOHH, OeOIHCTHH H HOp-OeOIHCTHH.
K.ayqHn 360poBH: xanyuHHoreHH raóu, xanyuHoreHn ecekTu, xanyHHoreHr
coennHeHnja
Introduction
Lately, mycological investigations in the epublic of Macedonia have been intensified. The register of the hallucinogenic species in the Republic of Macedonia is created according to the published data from the previous investigations (Tortich 1988, Karadelev 2000), the data- base MACFUNGI of the Mycological laboratory at the Faculty of Natural Science in Skopje, and from the field investigations of the authors. The investigations were carried out on various localities in the Republic of Macedonia, such as the mountains: Osogovo, Kozuf, Kitka, Vodno, Jakupica, Sar Planina, Ograzden, the National Parks: Pelister, Mavrovo, and Galicica, and the area of the towns and villages: Krusevo, Resen, Katlanovo, Skopje and Gevgelija.
well as on enriched soil, infected plants, etc. The identification of the species was done either on the field or in the mycological laboratory at the Faculty of Science and Mathematics in Skopje, using microscopes and reagents (Melzer, KOH, Sulphovaniline etc.).Some of the collected fungi were preserved in the National Mycological Collection (FUNGI MACEDONICI), while the data were put in the database MACFUNGI.
For identification are used the following: Moser(1983),Breitenbach & Kränzlin (1981, 1986, 1991,1995,2000),Paul Staments (1996), Däncke, R.M.(2001), Krieglsteiner, G. J.(2000),Flammer (1980),Flammer & Horak(1983),etc.
Results
Materials and methods
Amanita muscaria (L.:Fr.) Hooker
The material was collected in various kinds of forests, associations and on mountain pastures, on soil or on fallen branches, trunks, logs and living trees, as
- grows on soil in deciduous and coniferous forests,
from July to October.
Osogovo Mt.: Ponikva, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fag-
etum, 1500-1600; Krusevo: on the way to Children's
Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of Ecologists of Macedonia
479
Inace makedonija je prepuna aktivnih pecuraka,cini mi se 15vrsta da je zabelezeno.
HALLUCINOGENIC FUNGI IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
Mitko KARADELEV & Sofce SPASIKOVA
Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, P.O. Box 162, Gazi Baba bb, 1000 Skopje
ABSTRACT
Karadelev M. & Spasikova S.. (2004). Hallucinogenic fungi in the Republic of Macedonia. Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of Ecologists of the Republic of Macedonia with International Participation, 25-29. 10.2003, Ohrid.Special issues of Macedonian Ecological Society, Vol. 6, Skopje.
According to the recent research into fungi biodiversity of R. Macedonia, 1,250 species have been registered. From these fungi, 16 species show proved hallucinogenic effects. These species belong to the following genera: Psilocybe, Amanita, Panaeolus, Elaphomyces, Claviceps, Gymnopilus, Pluteus, Stropharia and Mycena. In most of them, these effects are due to the presence of hallucinogenic compounds such as psilocin, psilocybin, baeocystin and nor-baeocystin.
Key words:
hallucinogenic fungi, hallucinogenic effects, hallucinogenic compounds.
H3BOA
KapaneneB M. u CnacnkoBa C. (2004). XanynnHoreHn ra6n Bo Penyo.nHka MaxenoHnja.36opHuk Ha wpydosu od 2-owi Konzpec Ha ekonosuiue Ha Maxedonuja co MeéyHapoòHo yuecuso, 25-29.10.2003,Oxpuò. IoceoHH H3naHnja Ha MakenoHCKOTo eKOJIOIIKO APYIIITBO, KH. 6, Cxonje.
Bp3 OCHOBa Ha HCTpaxyBataTa Ha MHKOAHBep3HTeTOT BO PenyoJHKa Makenonnja nocera ce perHCTpHpaHH 1250 BHIOBH Ha ra6u. OI HHB, 16 BHIOBH HOKaxyBaaT xaJyIIHHOreHO AejcTBO. Tue npunaraar Ha ponOBHTe: Psilocybe, Amanita, Panaeolus, Elaphomyces, Claviceps, Gymnopilus, Pluteus, Stropharia H Mycena. Kaj noBekeTo OI HHB OBHe edekTu ce pesyaiTaT Ha IpHCyCTBOTO Ha xaJTyIHHOreHH coenuHeHnja, kako IICHJOIHH, IICHJIOIHOHH, OeOIHCTHH H HOp-OeOIHCTHH.
K.ayqHn 360poBH: xanyuHHoreHH raóu, xanyuHoreHn ecekTu, xanyHHoreHr
coennHeHnja
Introduction
Lately, mycological investigations in the epublic of Macedonia have been intensified. The register of the hallucinogenic species in the Republic of Macedonia is created according to the published data from the previous investigations (Tortich 1988, Karadelev 2000), the data- base MACFUNGI of the Mycological laboratory at the Faculty of Natural Science in Skopje, and from the field investigations of the authors. The investigations were carried out on various localities in the Republic of Macedonia, such as the mountains: Osogovo, Kozuf, Kitka, Vodno, Jakupica, Sar Planina, Ograzden, the National Parks: Pelister, Mavrovo, and Galicica, and the area of the towns and villages: Krusevo, Resen, Katlanovo, Skopje and Gevgelija.
well as on enriched soil, infected plants, etc. The identification of the species was done either on the field or in the mycological laboratory at the Faculty of Science and Mathematics in Skopje, using microscopes and reagents (Melzer, KOH, Sulphovaniline etc.).Some of the collected fungi were preserved in the National Mycological Collection (FUNGI MACEDONICI), while the data were put in the database MACFUNGI.
For identification are used the following: Moser(1983),Breitenbach & Kränzlin (1981, 1986, 1991,1995,2000),Paul Staments (1996), Däncke, R.M.(2001), Krieglsteiner, G. J.(2000),Flammer (1980),Flammer & Horak(1983),etc.
Results
Materials and methods
Amanita muscaria (L.:Fr.) Hooker
The material was collected in various kinds of forests, associations and on mountain pastures, on soil or on fallen branches, trunks, logs and living trees, as
- grows on soil in deciduous and coniferous forests,
from July to October.
Osogovo Mt.: Ponikva, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fag-
etum, 1500-1600; Krusevo: on the way to Children's
Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of Ecologists of Macedonia
479
NP Pelister:(ass. Digitali viridiflorae - Pinetum peuces with Fagus): near Mala Korija, Caparska Preseka, around Mt. house Kopanki, Palisnopje, Rotinska river - lower part, around v. Trnovo, between Mt.house Kopanki and Palisnopje; above Kopanki, (Gentiano luteae - Pinetum peuces); above v. Magarevo,near spring, (mixed forest of Fagus, Pinus peuce and Quercus); Golema livada, (mixed forest of Betula,Populus, Pinus peuce and Abies); Kozuf Mt.: Konjari, (Fagus and Pinus nigra); Kitka Mt.: Preslap.(Calamintho grandiflorae - Fagetum) and near Preslap, (Orno-Quercetum petraeae); NP Mavrovo:Bunec, (Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum); Vodno Mt.: (Querco - carpinetum orientalis); Jakupica Mt..v. Gorno Vranovce, (Festuco heterophyllae - Fagetum), and Ceples, (Calamintho grandiflorae - Fagetum); Sar Planina Mt.: Jelak,(Piceetum excelsae subalpinum scardicum).
Panaeolus papilionaceus (Bull.:Fr.) Quel.
Vodno Mt., 950 m a., May 2002, on enriched soil;NP Pelister: around Kopanki, Digitali viridiflorae - Pinetum peuces, 1600, September 2002.
Panaeolus semiovatus Fr. (Lundell)
NP Pelister: around Kopanki, in meadow, 1650, Sep-
tember 2002, on dung.
Pluteus salicinus (Pers.: Fr.) Kummer
Ograzden Mt.: Ezovo Brdo, mixed forest of Fagus,Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra, 1100-1300, July 2000, on rotten branches of Fagus; NP Galicica: PIjuska, Quercetum frainetto-cerris macedonicum,1000, October 2001, on enriched soil; Jakupica Mt.:Ceples, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, 1400-1500, July 1999, on stump of Fagus sylvatica; Kozuf Mt.: Konjari, Fagus and Pinus nigra, 1100, October 2000.
Psilocybe coprophylla (Bull.: Fr.) Quel.
Jakupica Mt.: v.Gorno Vranovce, Festuco heterophyllae - Fagetum, 700-800, November 1998, on dung.Psilocybe bullacea (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm
NP Pelister: v. Rotino, plantation of P.peuce, 1050,April 2002, on fallen branch of Pinus peuce, and around v. Trnovo, Festuco heterophyllae - Fagetum with Populus tremula, 1200, September 2002, on leaves reminants of Populus tremula; Prespa: Strict Nature Reserve ,,Ezerani", Carici elongatae - Alnetum glutinosae, April 2002, in meadow, close toSalix purpurea.
Psilocybe montana (Fr.) Quelet
NP Pelister: between Mt. house Kopanki and Palisnopje, Digitali viridiflorae - Pinetum peuces, 1540-1640 m a, October 2001, on soil.
Psilocybe muscorum (Orton) Mos.
NP Pelister: above v. Slivnica, Quercetum frainettocerris macedonicum, 1050, April 2002, in moss Rhacomitrum.
Hallucinogenic fungi in the Republic of Macedonia
Psilocybe physaloides (Bull.: Merat) Quelet
Prespa: Strict Nature Reserve ,,Ezerani“, in mead-
ow, 850, April 2002, on soil.
Psilocybe subcoprophyla (Bull.:Fr.) Kumm
Katlanovo: St. Jovan Veterski monastery, Pruno webii-Junipiterum excelsae, 150-200, October 2002, on dung.
Stropharia coronilla (Bull.: Fr.) Quel.
NP Pelister: on the way to Molika Hotel, pastured place with Juniperus communis and Pinus peuce,1100, April 2002, in meadow. Vodno Mt.: Quercocarpinetum orientalis, 750 - 1000, October 2002, on soil; Gevgelija: v. Stojakovo, in meadow, 80, December 1993; Kozuf Mt.: Konjari, Fagus and Pinus nigra, 1100, October 2000, on dung.
Disscucion
In the Republic of Macedonia, so far, 16 species of hallucinogenic fungi have been registered. The most frequent of these species are Mycena pura and Amanita muscaria. The representatives of other genera such as Pcilocybe, Panaeolus, Gymnopilus and Elaphomyces are very seldom.
All these fungi were found growing on various substrates. Usually, these fungi were found growing on soil (Stropharia coronilla, Psilocybe physaloides,Psilocybe montana, Mycena pura, Amanita muscaria), on enriched soil (Stropharia coronilla, Psilocybe bullacea, Pluteus salicinus, Panaeolus papilionaceus), on dung (Stropharia coronilla, Psilocybe subcoprophyla, Psilocybe coprophylla, Panaeolus semiovatus).
Certain species of these fungi are lignicolous, there.fore they were registered growing on different kinds of wood or wood debris: Psilocybe bullacea was found growing on fallen branch of Pinus peuce and on leaves reminants of Populus tremula; Pluteus salicinus was found growing on rotten branches and on stump of Fagus, while Gymnopilus spectabilis was found on log of Fagus.
It is very interesting to notice that two registered species were not found growing on any of the mentioned substrares: Psilocybe muscorum was found in moss Rhacomitrum, Elaphomyces granulatus and Gymnopilus reticulatus were only found under soil, while Claviceps purpurea.
Tab. 1 shows the distribution of the registered spe-
cies in various associations.
The most significant characteristic of these fungi is their chemical constitution. Once ingested, these fungi cause certain syndromes and hallucinations. Due to this effect, they are called hallucinogenic fungi.Different fungi may contain different or common hallucinogenic compounds.
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